Lihat juga Demokrasi di Iraq

  • Kerajaan Persekutuan Iraq
  • Pilihanraya di Iraq
  • Politik Iraq
  • Sejarah Iraq
  1. ↑ Constitution of Iraq, Section 1, Article 1
  2. ↑ "Iraq", The World Factbook (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-18, dicapai pada 2022-01-22
  3. ↑ "Iraq: Government". globaledge.msu.edu (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-01-22.
  4. ↑ Alshamary, Marsin (2020-11-13). "Six months into his premiership, what has Mustafa al-Kadhimi done for Iraq?". Brookings (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-01-22.
  5. ↑ Arif, Beston (2018-12-01). "The Role of Citizenship Education in Developing Democracy in Iraq". International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies. 5 (2): 152–163. doi:10.23918/ijsses.v5i2p152.
  6. ↑ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
  7. ↑ Cordesman, Anthony (2019-10-25). "Why Iraq is 'Burning'" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-10-14. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  8. ↑ "Iraq profile - timeline". BBC News (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2018-10-03. Dicapai pada 2022-10-18.
  9. ↑ "Iraq - The 16th-century conquest of Iraq and the regime imposed by Süleyman I | Britannica". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-01-26.
  10. ↑ Smith, Dan (2014-04-08). The State of the Middle East: An Atlas of Conflict and Resolution (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-03929-6.
  11. ↑ Heo, Uk (September 15, 2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099191 – melalui Google Books.
  12. ↑ Yomtov, Nel (2018). "The New Government". Iraq (dalam bahasa Inggeris). m/s. 52. ISBN 978-0-531-23590-4.
  13. ↑ Population crises and cycles in history A review of the book Population Crises and Population cycles by Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell. valerieyule.com.au. 1999. ISBN 978-0-9504066-5-7. Dicapai pada 17 August 2016.
  14. ↑ Williams, Matthew W. (2004-06-18). "The British Experience in Iraq from 1914-1926: What Wisdom Can the United States Draw from Its Experience?" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  15. ↑ Allawi, Ali Faisal I of Iraq, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014 pages 339–340.
  16. ↑ "Letters from Baghdad" documentary (2016) Directors: Sabine Krayenbühl, Zeva Oelbaum.
  17. ↑ Dawson, James (2014-08-15). "Why Britain created monarchies in the Middle East". New Statesman (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  18. ↑ Owtram, Francis (2019-10-15). "'No Friends but the Mountains': The Toxic Legacy of British Officialdom for the Kurds after the First World War". Middle East Centre. Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  19. ↑ Ongsotto et.al. Asian History Module-based Learning Ii' 2003 Ed. p69.
  20. ↑ Cleveland, William (2016). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  21. ↑ Musallam, Musallam Ali (1996). The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: Saddam Hussein, His State and International Power Politics. British Academic Press. m/s. 62. ISBN 978-1-86064-020-9.
  22. ↑ Batatu, Hanna (1979). The Old Social Classes & The Revolutionary Movement In Iraq. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05241-7.
  23. ↑ "Iraq under Saddam Hussein". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  24. ↑ Rajaee, Farhang, penyunting (1993). The Iran–Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1177-6.
  25. ↑ Johns, Dave (2006-01-24). "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein". PBS Frontline. Dicapai pada 2022-10-28.
  26. 1 2 Tripp, Charles (2007-08-30). A History of Iraq (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 211–214. ISBN 978-0-521-87823-4.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "Did the wars bring democracy to Afghanistan and Iraq?". Costs of War. Brown University. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 July 2011. Dicapai pada 18 July 2011.
  28. ↑ Pratt, N. (2007),"Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World": London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  29. ↑ "Corruption Continues to Destabilize Iraq". Chatham House (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 1 October 2019. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2020-03-28. Dicapai pada 2019-11-04.
  30. ↑ Enterline, Andrew J.; Greig, J. Michael (2008-10-01). "Against All Odds?: The History of Imposed Democracy and the Future of Iraq and Afghanistan". Foreign Policy Analysis. 4 (4): 321–347. doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2008.00074.x. ISSN 1743-8586.
  31. ↑ Caryl, Christian (2013-03-06). "The Democracy Boondoggle in Iraq". Foreign Policy (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-10-30.
  32. ↑ "From invasion to failed state: Iraq's democratic disillusionment". openDemocracy (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-01-26.
  33. ↑ Alkifaey, Hamid (2018-12-19). The Failure of Democracy in Iraq: Religion, Ideology and Sectarianism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-80819-7.
  34. ↑ Jakes, Lara (5 February 2011). "Eye on unrest, Iraq PM says he won't seek 3rd term". MyWay. Associated Press. Dicapai pada 8 February 2011.
  35. ↑ "Iraq's Tishreen Uprising: From Barricades to Ballot Box". www.crisisgroup.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2021-07-26. Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  36. ↑ al-Ansary, Khalid (16 March 2011). "Iraq's Sadr followers march against Bahrain crackdown". Reuters. Baghdad. Dicapai pada 27 January 2012.
  37. ↑ Santana, Rebecca (2 April 2011). "Crackdown in Bahrain Enflames Iraq's Shiites". ABC News. Baghdad. Associated Press. Dicapai pada 27 January 2012.
  38. ↑ "Nearly 19,000 civilians killed in Iraq in 21-month period, report says". CNN. 19 January 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 October 2016.
  39. ↑ Ellis, Ralph (6 April 2015). "New mass graves found in Tikrit". CNN. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 April 2015.
  40. ↑ Arraf, Jane (7 August 2014). "Islamic State persecution of Yazidi minority amounts to genocide, UN says". The Christian Science Monitor. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 August 2014. Dicapai pada 8 August 2014.
  41. ↑ "Iraqi Civilians Fleeing ISIS in Mosul Face Torture and Death in Revenge Attacks: Amnesty". Newsweek. 18 October 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 October 2016.
  42. ↑ "Mosul offensive: Iraqi-backed troops accused of torturing civilians ahead of operation to rid city of Isis". The Independent. 18 October 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 October 2016.
  43. ↑ "Iraq: HRW denounces lethal force against protesters, urges probe". www.aljazeera.com.
  44. ↑ Arraf, Jane (2021-09-18). "'There Is Chaos': Iran-Backed Militias Battle Activists in a Holy Iraqi City". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Dicapai pada 2021-10-18.
  45. ↑ Wahab, Bilal (October 6, 2021). "Elections Without Democracy in Iraq?". The Washington Institute (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-01-22.
  46. ↑ "Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War (29 May 2020)". United States Institute of Peace (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  47. 1 2 3 "Outlook for 2021-25: Democracy Index: Iraq. - Document - Gale General OneFile (1 Feb 2021)". go.gale.com. Economist Intelligence Unit N.A. Incorporated. Dicapai pada 2022-01-22.
  48. ↑ Travers, Alannah (2022-09-20). "Young Iraqi activists despair as political crisis continues". Al Jazeera (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-10-20.
  49. ↑ "In numbers... the coordination framework has become the "first force" in the Iraqi parliament" (dalam bahasa Arab). Alhurra. 23 June 2022. Dicapai pada 6 August 2022.
  50. ↑ "Iraqi PM stresses inciting violence and chaos unacceptable". Iraqi News (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2022-06-14. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 June 2022. Dicapai pada 2022-06-16.
  51. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (2022-08-31). "Iraq's violence reflects an enduring dysfunction". Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0190-8286. Dicapai pada 2022-10-20.
  52. ↑ "Iraq chaos as al-Sadr supporters storm Green Zone after he quits". Al Jazeera (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2022-08-30. Dicapai pada 2022-08-30.
  53. ↑ "Iraqi parliament approves new government headed by Mohammed Shia al-Sudani". Reuters. 2022-10-27. Dicapai pada 23 February 2023.
  54. ↑ "Coordination Framework nominate Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani as candidate for Iraqi prime minister". PUK media. 2022-07-25. Dicapai pada 2022-07-25.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 Schöberlein, Jennifer (2020-12-10). "Iraq: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption". U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Transparency International. Dicapai pada 2022-10-19.Schöberlein, Jennifer (2020-12-10). "Iraq: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption". U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. Transparency International. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  56. 1 2 Ibrahim, Arwa (4 Dec 2019). "Muhasasa, the political system reviled by Iraqi protesters". www.aljazeera.com (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-10-19.
  57. ↑ "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2023. m/s. 6. Dicapai pada 27 February 2023.
  58. ↑ Numan, Haitham (2020-09-27). "Analyzing Journalist Perceptions of Democracy and State Corruption: The Case of Iraq". Arab Media & Society (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-11-17.
  59. 1 2 See (the referenced sources in) our article Press Freedom Index.
  60. 1 2 "2022 World Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. 2022.
  61. ↑ "Iraq". Reporters Without Borders (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  62. 1 2 Wille, Belkis (2020-10-20). "When Will Iraq Start Protecting Journalists?". Human Rights Watch (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-09-12.
  63. ↑ "Corruption seen as grave threat to Iraqi democracy". Reuters (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2008-08-27. Dicapai pada 2022-11-17.
  64. 1 2 "Iran's Trail Of Political And Economic Chaos: Part I – The Iraqi Experience". MEMRI. September 1, 2020.
  65. ↑ Tawfeeq, Mohammed (23 May 2021). "Iraq estimates that $150 billion of its oil money has been stolen from the country since the US-led invasion of 2003". CNN. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2021-05-23. Dicapai pada 2021-05-23.
  66. 1 2 3 "Corruption Perceptions Index 2021 for Iraq". Transparency.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-03-21.
  67. ↑ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2022 for Iraq". Transparency.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 8 March 2023.

Rujukan

WikiPedia: Demokrasi di Iraq http://www.valerieyule.com.au/poprus.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/19/middleeast/iraq-... http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/06/middleeast/iraq-... http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/08... http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110205/D9L6OJH8... http://europe.newsweek.com/iraqi-civilians-fleeing... http://costsofwar.org/article/did-wars-bring-democ... https://www.alhurra.com/iraq/2022/06/23/%D8%A8%D8%... https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iraq-hrw-de... https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/20/young-ira...